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// ★ HYDROPONICS & AEROPONICS

Water that works in a loop.

Soil-free systems recirculate a precisely dosed nutrient solution. Pick a technique, size the system, and watch EC and pH drift and self-correct under automated dosing.

// system

// nutrient dosing

stable
EC (target 1.9000000000000001)1.9 mS/cm
pH (target 6)6

N 186 · P 58 · K 268 ppm

// compiling nutrient loop
// nutrient loop — drag to orbit
reservoirpumpsloped channelsreturn
NFT — Nutrient Film Technique — Thin recirculating film over bare roots in sloped channels.
216
Plant sites
30 L/min
Flow rate
180 W
Pump spec
39 L/wk
Nutrient use
93.3 kg
Yield / year
90%
Water saved
$1,120
Revenue / yr
Open in calculator →
// THE CLOSED LOOP
reservoirfiltrationdosingcanopyET recapturerecirculation — up to ~90% water recovered
Closed loop — filtration, dosing, evapotranspiration recapture, recirculation.
up to ~90%

Closed-loop hydroponic and vertical systems recirculate nutrient solution and can use up to ~90% less water than conventional soil farming (recirculation commonly ~90–95%). Vertical-grown leafy greens have been reported at roughly 20–30 L of water per kg.

Source: industry & agronomy reviews, 2025–2026· figures vary by crop, system & operator; as of 2026

pH 5.5–6.5

Most hydroponic crops sit around pH 5.5–6.5, with EC varying by crop (leafy greens lower, fruiting crops higher). VPD governs transpiration and is a primary climate-control target.

Source: hydroponic nutrient management, 2025–2026· figures vary by crop, system & operator; as of 2026